The Origin of Penicillin
The history of the application of molds as treatment for wounds and infection can be traced far back to ancient Egypt, India and Greece. Warm soil, wet bread mixed with spider webs (containing spores) were techniques by which the healing properties of molds were utilized. Its use as a form of treatment was first recorded by apothecaries around 1640 in England.
The discovery of penicillin ushered in a new age of antibiotics derived from microorganisms. Penicillin is an antibiotic the mold thrives in a liquid culture containing a mixture of sugar and other nutrients as well as a source of nitrogen. As the mold grows, it exhausts the sugar and only begins producing penicillin after using up most of the nutrients for growth.
All penicillins work in the same way; by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis in replicating microorganisms and by activating other enzymes to break down the protective wall of the microorganism.
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr Alexander Fleming when his assistant accidentally left the window to his laboratory open overnight and by morning, mold spores had covered his staphylococcus bacterial specimens in a petri dish. Upon examination, he noticed that colonies of the staphylococcus bacteria that were contaminated by the mold were either dead or dying (which was later discovered to be as due to the mold’s prevention of the bacteria from making new cell walls.
However, this species of the Penicillium fungi identified as Penicillium notatum (but later discovered to be Penicillium rubens had a major drawback; the difficulty in production and dilution which meant that this specie of penicillium could not produce enough commercial quantities of penicillin. Concerted efforts were made to discover strains of the penicillium which produces a higher yield of penicillin. These efforts were successful, leading to the discovery of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum was discovered, on a cantaloupe from a grocery store in Peoria, Illinois. Penicillium chrysogenum was found to produce a yield of penicillin several hundred times as much as Fleming’s original cultures. Subcultures of this fungus were then irradiated with X-rays and UV rays in an attempt to cause a mutation in the fungus that would lead to an increase in penicillin yield. The efforts led to the creation of a mutant strain of penicillium chrysogenum that yielded a thousand times more penicillin as Fleming’s original culture was produced and cultured.
The discovery of ways of mass producing penicillin was instrumental in preventing death from infection during the Second World War.
In the war, penicillin was instrumental in the reduction of death tolls. Before its discovery, the major killers in wars have been infection rather than battle injuries with death numbers resulting from bacterial infections dropping dramatically. By the end of the Second World War, American Pharmaceutical companies were producing over 600 billion units of penicillin a month.
Penicillin is used in the treatment infections, including throat infections, syphilis, meningitis and other infections. The most common side effects of penicillin are hypersensitivity reactions which include skin rash, hives, swelling and anaphylaxis. More serious side effects are not common.
tadalafil liquid – buy real tadalafil online tadalafil buy
generic tadalafil: http://tadalafilonline20.com/ order tadalafil
finasteride alternative – propecia and rogaine before and after propecia pdf
india pharmacy drugs: https://genericwdp.com/ generic drugs without doctor’s prescription
buy prescription drugs: https://genericwdp.com/ meds without a doctor prescription
finasteride interactions – http://propechl.com/ what’s the difference between propecia and finasteride
how much is viagra viagra 100mg price
100mg viagra
viagra over the counter viagra over the counter walmart
mexican viagra
buy tadalafil online reddit – http://xtadalafilp.com/ buy tadalafil online overnight shipping
best place to buy generic viagra online viagra amazon
best over the counter viagra
price of viagra viagra from canada
where to buy viagra
viagra discount buy viagra online canada
viagra price
aralen medication chloroquine for sale
Htjare – http://virviaga.com/ levitra or viagra
average cost of generic valtrex valtrex online
buy real viagra online https://viagrapills100.com/ viagra over the counter
Muchas gracias. ?Como puedo iniciar sesion?
Pytrmq – ivermectin 4 mg Uwulav wisras
buy ed pills from canada buy ed pills from canada
ed therapy
order ed pills cheap ed pills usa
buy ed pills
Eidezl – over the counter ed pills at walgreens Hwfncg omowso
Ymgbon – furosempi.com Xxqjth krvnjf
http://zithromaxst.com/# zithromax antibiotic without prescription
Zoxzek – clomid tablets Jurjld eficjm
https://hydroxychloroquinest.com/# hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets
Xemvvs – 5mg cialis from canada Hxfbya ezbbmt
Jctywg – generic sildenafil cost Toitlc vvttbb
http://zithromaxproff.com/# buy cheap zithromax online
zithromax antibiotic
Bbknoy – help write essay Eipzhx gfeufy
http://zithromaxproff.com/# buy zithromax canada
zithromax over the counter
Izxihw – sildenafil 75 mg Llzgnw ckobqd
Fvkbrn – 800mg viagra Ljnfrs tskoef
generic cephalexin: buy noroxin
fucidin generic
Pepetf – harvard college application essay Cqqrcn ssfnor
cleocin tablets: buy cipro
order keflex
Ewulmn – order propecia uk Wafumr qkcbif
Tkmtjp – prendre cialis et viagra ensemble Vrulyc wchnil
order medications online from india: buy prescriptions from india pharmacy buy prescriptions from india pharmacy
Ccujlr – buy finasteride 1mg canada Fvzwdx nkdcpw
best india pharmacy: online indian pharmacies order medications online from india
best male erectile dysfunction pill: best male erectile dysfunction pill order erectile dysfunction pills online
Kgtacr – essays online on the nepal earthquake 2015 Pdsjhz uikblu
mature adult phone chat
free chat online singles
cialis pills: levitra pills ed meds
Bqzziy – sildenafil teva Jmzvdg hslubf
viagra pills viagra without a doctor prescription viagra no prescription
Hyqinm – help with a cover letter Pwukmb kqvizg
free chat and dating online
dating website
Takipçi Satın Al işlemi takipcisatinalin.org den yapılıyor sizde instagram için takipçi sahibi olmak için hemen siteye girerek takipçi alın
İnstagram’da natural olarak takipçi miktarını
artıramıyorsanız ya da daha kısa sürede takipçi miktarını çoğaltmak istiyorsanız,
Instagram takipçi hilesi yerine instagram takipçi satın al yöntemini yapabilirsiniz.
Çünki ücretsiz takipçiler sizin şifrenizi kullanarak hesabınızı
riske atarlar!
Takip2018 sizden kesinlikle şifre vb gibi bilgileri istemez, Sadece kullanıcı adınızı sipariş esnasında girmeniz yeterlidir…
Hi there, yeah this article is genuinely fastidious
and I have learned lot of things from it about blogging.
thanks.
Hi there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I
was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site?
I’m getting fed up of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at options for another platform.
I would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
Thank you for another informative website. Where
else may I am getting that kind of information written in such an ideal method?
I have a venture that I am just now operating on, and I’ve been on the glance out for such information.
canadian pharmacy generic viagra buy viagra online without prescription no prescription viagra
free local dates
mature adult phone chat
http://diflucanst.com/# diflucan 125mg
Vkalkq – buy vardenafil Bizpbf jxufvj
online pharmacies
buy generic viagra online
https://clomidst.com/# generic for clomid
Dcjoei – silagra tablets Jbruax wynicu